中国柯属5种资源植物潜在地理分布及其对气候变化的响应

利用最大墒模型和地理信息系统软件对柯属（Lithocarpus）5种资源植物在我国的适宜分布区进行了定量预测,并对未来不同气候情景下其分布区的变化进行了分析。结果显示：木姜叶柯（L.litseifolius（Hance）Chun.）在我国秦岭淮河以南广泛分布,短尾柯（L.brevicaudatus（Skan）Hay.）主要分布在我国亚热带中东部区域;木姜叶柯在未来气候（2061-2080年）RCP2.6、RCP8.5两种情景下适生区面积分别减少了5.1%和3.0%,而短尾柯却分别增加了0.5%和1.5%。白柯（L.dealbatus（Hook.f.et Thoms.ex DC.）Rehd.）适宜区主要分布在云南北部、四川南部,烟斗柯（L.corneus（Lour.）Rehd.）主要分布在两广省份的南亚热带地区。白柯和烟斗柯在RCP2.6情景下适生区面积分别减少了12.1%和17.8%,在RCP8.5情景下分别减少了3.5%和15.9%,这两个种的适宜区面积减少较多。厚斗柯（L.elizabethae（Tutch.）Rehd.）主要分布于广西,在两种情景下适宜区面积分别增加了7.3%和6.3%。研究结果表明,由于分布区存在差异,同属不同物种的未来分布对气候变化的响应不同。     

Phylogenetic relationships within the class Oligohymenophorea,phylum Cilophora,inferred from the complete small subunit rRNA gene sequences ofColpidium campylum,Glaucoma chattoni,andOpisthonecta henneguyi

Summary Phylogenetic relationships within the class Oligohymenophorea, phylum Ciliophora, were investigated by determining the complete small subunit rRNA (SSrRNA) gene sequences for the hymenostomesColpidium campylum, Glaucoma chattoni, and the peritrichOpisthonecta henneguyi. The affiliations of the oligohymenophoreans were assessed using both distance matrix (DM) and maximum parsimony (MP) analyses. Variations do exist in the phylogenies created by the two methods. However, the basic tree topologies are consistent. In both the DM and MP analyses the hymenostomes (C. campylum, G. chattoni, and the tetrahymenas) all form a very tight group associated with the peritrichO. henneguyi. TheTetrahymena lineage was monophyletic whereasColpidium andGlaucoma were more closely related to each other than either was to the tetrahymenas. The monophyly of the genusTetrahymena in the present analysis supports the phylogenies determined from morphological data and molecular sequence data from the histone H3II/H4II region of the genome. The perplexing and controversial phylogenetic position of the peritrichs is once again depicted in the present analysis. The distinctiveness of the peritrichOpisthonecta from both hymenostome and nassophorean ciliates based on evolutionary distances suggests that the elevation of the peritrichs to a higher taxonomic rank should be reconsidered.     

Different rates of substitution may produce different phylogenies of the eutherian mammals

Summary In an attempt to resolve some points of branching order in the phylogeny of the eutherian mammals, a phylogenetic analysis of 26 nuclear and 6 mitochondrial genes was undertaken using a maximum likelihood method on a constant rate stochastic model of molecular evolution. Seventeen of the nuclear genes gave a primates/artiodactyls grouping highest support whereas three of the mitochondrial genes found a rodents/artiodactyls grouping to be best supported. The primates/rodents grouping was never the best supported. On the assumption that rodents are indeed an outgroup to primates and artiodactyls and that the latter taxa diverged 70 million years ago, an estimation was made, for each gene, of the time of divergence of the rodent lineage. In most cases such estimates were beyond the limits set by present interpretations of the paleontological record as were many estimates of the divergence time of mouse and rat. These results suggest that, although there is locus variation, the divergent position of the rodent lineage may be an artifact of an elevated rate of nucleotide substitution in this order.     

Yearly maps of summer temperatures in Western Europe from A.D. 1750 to 1975 and Western North America from 1600 to 1982:

The primary purpose of this publication is to make available two series of historical maps showing summer (April–September mean) temperatures over western Europe from A.D. 1750 and western North America from A.D. 1600. These maps have been reconstructed using networks of temperature-sensitive tree-ring chronologies as part of a continuing collaboration between the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (FSL) at Birmensdorf, Switzerland and the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia, Norwich, U.K. The maps were reconstructed using relatively long maximum latewood density chronologies selected from the extensive networks of tree-ring data produced at the FSL. The reconstructions were produced using a spatial regression technique developed at CRU.The basis for the reconstructions are wood samples from various conifers growing at cool-moist sites close to the alpine or boreal timberlines. This material was analysed by x-ray densitometry and the resulting maximum latewood density chronologies were calibrated against meteorological data over a 100-year calibration period.These results emphasize the value of dendroclimatological research which can provide continentalscale reconstructions of past climate which represent a potential resource for climatologists, biologists, and historians with an interest in the spatial variability of summer temperatures over the middle to high latitudes.